Síndrome metabólico en el adulto mayor vinculado a los programas de actividad física comunitaria / Metabolic Syndrome in the Elderly Adult Involved in the Community Physical Activity Programs

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico es una situación clínica compleja que se asocia a un incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad. Los elementos que lo componen aumentan el riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo II y enfermedad cardiovascular. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento del síndrome metabólico en el adulto mayor vinculado a los programas de actividad física comunitaria del proyecto Lindo Amanecer del municipio Arroyo Naranjo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. El universo de estudio lo constituyeron 120 adultos mayores, de los que se entrevistaron a 106, en el período de abril a octubre de 2018. Se siguieron los criterios del Adult Treatment Panel III para el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. Las variables descriptivas se expresaron en porcientos y para la comparación de variables en estudio se utilizó el método estadístico de ji al cuadrado. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un 41,51 por ciento de personas con síndrome metabólico, predominaron las personas de 70 y más años de edad (54,54 por ciento y el sexo femenino (93,18 por ciento). El 100 por ciento tuvieron cifras de presión arterial ≥ 130/85 mmHg. El 100 por ciento de los pacientes desconocían su enfermedad. Conclusiones: Se encontró predominio en los pacientes con síndrome metabólico del sexo femenino y del grupo de edad de 70 y más años. El diagnóstico a nivel de la Atención Primaria de Salud es deficiente. Se asocia a la hipertensión arterial, obesidad abdominal y al riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular(AU)

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a complex clinical situation associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. The elements that mark it up increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Objective: To determine the behavior of metabolic syndrome in elderly adults involved in the community physical activity programs of the Lindo Amanecer project in the municipality of Arroyo Naranjo. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out. The study universe was made up of 120 elderly adults, 106 of which were interviewed in the period from April to October 2018. The Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome were followed. The descriptive variables were expressed in percentages and, for the comparison of variables under study, the chi-square statistical method was used. Results: The obtained results showed 41.51percent of people with metabolic syndrome, with a predominance of people aged 70 years and older (54.54percent) and the female sex (93.18percent). One hundred percent had blood pressure values over or equal to 130/85 mmHg. One hundred percent of the patients did not have any knowledge of their disease. Conclusions: In patients with metabolic syndrome, the predominance corresponded to the female sex, as well as the age group of 70 years and older. Diagnosis at the primary healthcare level is deficient. It is associated with arterial hypertension, abdominal obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease(AU)

Asociación del índice triglicérido-glucosa con colesterol-no-HDL aumentado como indicador de riesgo cardiometabólico en estudios poblacionales / Association of the triglyceride-glucose index with increased non-HDL-cholesterol as an indicator of cardiometabolic risk in population studies / Associação do índice triglicerídeo-glicose com colesterol-não-HDL aumentado como indicador de risco cardiometabólico em estudos populacionais / Reconocimiento a la trayectoria del Prof. Dr. Juan Miguel Castagnino†

Resumen Se propone la asociación de dos indicadores para la detección de personas con riesgo cardiometabólico (RCM) en estudios poblacionales: triglicéridoglucosa (TyG) >8,75 y colesterol-no-HDL (C-no-HDL) ≥160 mg/dL, que se denominará indicador de RCM. La enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica (ECVA) y la diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) son muy frecuentes. TyG aumentado es un estimador de insulinorresistencia y síndrome metabólico (SM) y está relacionado con la detección precoz de riesgo para DT2. C-no-HDL ≥160 mg/ dL ha sido recomendado informarlo en los estudios de laboratorio vinculados con el riesgo para ECVA, sus aumentos están relacionados con todas las lipoproteínas aterogénicas y es de mucho interés en hipertrigliceridemias y SM, por la presencia de lipoproteínas remanentes. En un estudio poblacional sobre 540 personas del sur argentino se halló un aumento significativo de RCM luego de los 20 años y luego de los 40 años de edad un tercio de la población lo tenía presente. El RCM se halló asociado con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), luego de ajustar para edad y género. Después de los 30 años, el RCM estaba presente en un tercio de las personas con IMC ≥27 kg/m2. En otro estudio realizado en personas con riesgo para DT2 con RCM presente, 65,8% tenían HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin-resistance) >2,1 y 61,8% SM. Se concluye que la asociación de TyG >8,75 y C-no-HDL ≥160 mg/dL (RCM) podría ser de interés para la detección de grupos poblacionales con alto riesgo cardiometabólico, en la prevención de ECVA y DT2.

Abstract The association of two indicators was proposed for the detection of people with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in population studies: triglyceride-glucose (TyG) >8.75 and non-HDL-cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) ≥160 mg/dL, which will be called CMR indicator. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are very common. Increased TyG is an estimator of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MS) and is related to the early detection of risk for T2D. Non-HDL-C≥160 mg/dL has been recommended to be reported in laboratory studies related to the risk for CVA and its increases are related to all atherogenic lipoproteins and it is of great interest in hypertriglyceridemia and MS, due to the presence of lipoproteins remnants. In a population study of 540 people from Southern Argentina, a significant increase in CMR was found after 20 years of age, and after 40 years of age; a third of the population had it. CMR was found to be associated with body mass index (BMI), after adjusting for age and gender. After age 30 years, CMR was present in a third of the people with a BMI ≥27 kg/m2. In another study conducted in people at risk for T2D with CMR present, 65.8% had HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin-resistance) >2.1 and 61.8% MS. It is concluded that the association of TyG <8.75 and non-HDL-C ≥160 mg/dL (CMR) could be of interest for the detection of population groups with high cardiometabolic risk, in the prevention of ACVD and T2D.

Resumo A associação de dois índices é proposta para a detecção de pessoas com risco cardiometabólico (RCM) em estudos populacionais: triglicerídeo-glicose (TyG) >8,75 e colesterol-não-HDL (C-não-HDL) ≥160 mg/ dL, que será denominado indicador de RCM. A doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica (DCVA) e o diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) são muito comuns. TyG aumentado é um estimador de resistência à insulina e síndrome metabólica (SM) e está relacionado com a detecção precoce de risco para DT2. C-não-HDL ≥160 mg/dL tem sido recomendado para relatá-lo em estudos laboratoriais vinculados com o risco de DCVA e seus aumentos estão relacionados com todas as lipoproteínas aterogênicas e é de grande interesse na hipertrigliceridemia e SM devido à presença de restos de lipoproteínas. Em um estudo populacional de 540 pessoas do sul da Argentina, foi encontrado um aumento significativo de RCM após os 20 anos de idade e, depois dos 40 anos, um terço da população o apresentava. A RCM foi associada ao índice de massa corporal (IMC), após ajustar para idade e gênero. Após os 30 anos, a RCM estava presente em um terço das pessoas com IMC ≥27 kg/m2. Em outro estudo realizado em pessoas com risco para DT2 com RCM presente, 65,8% tinham HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin-resistance) >2,1 e 61,8% SM. Conclui-se que a associação de TyG >8,75 e C-não-HDL ≥160 mg/dL (RCM) poderia ser de interesse para a detecção de grupos populacionais com alto risco cardiometabolico, na prevenção de DCVA e DT2.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with different comorbidities in obese children and adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Different obesity-related comorbidities already present in childhood, such as: vitamin D deficiency, impaired carbohydrate metabolism, dyslipidaemia, arterial hypertension and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In this study, we aim to analyse the prevalence of comorbidities and to determine the predictive factors that affect these comorbidities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Anthropometric, demographic and biochemical variables were collected from obese patients between six and 18 years of age. Subsequently, a statistical analysis was performed to describe the characteristics of the patients and the prevalence of comorbidities, as well as their predictive factors. RESULTS: A total of 158 obese children (76 boys and 82 girls) with a mean age at diagnosis of 12.48 years and a BMI Z-score of +3.24 SDS were included. The most prevalent comorbidities were vitamin D deficiency (64.2%), insulin resistance (45.1%), dyslipidaemia (32.2%), hyperuricaemia (18.5%) and arterial hypertension (15%). Age, BMI Z-score, percentage of fat mass and male sex have been found to be predictors of these comorbidities. CONCLUSION: Obese children and adolescents have a high prevalence of comorbidities. Once the diagnosis of obesity has been established, it would be very useful to identify early those patients with a higher risk of comorbidities, knowing their relationship with sex, age, BMI Z-score, percentage of fat mass and pubertal stage.

Repercusión de la pérdida ponderal tras cirugía bariátrica en la estructura y función cardiaca / Impact of ponderal loss after bariatric surgery on the cardiac structure and function

Introducción y objetivoEl exceso de peso puede inducir modificaciones en la estructura y función del miocardio. La presencia de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda es un predictor independiente de morbimortalidad cardiovascular.El objetivo principal del estudio ha sido conocer la prevalencia de alteraciones morfofuncionales cardiacas en pacientes con obesidad y su modificación tras la pérdida de peso después de una cirugía bariátrica (CB).Pacientes y métodosEstudio de cohortes prospectivo de 75 pacientes con obesidad y sin cardiopatía conocida a los que se les realizó un bypass gástrico. Se midieron parámetros antropométricos, analíticos y ecocardiográficos antes, a los 6 y 12 meses de la intervención.ResultadosSe incluyeron 75 pacientes (66,6% mujeres, edad media 39,3 [9,7] años e índice de masa corporal [IMC] 47,8 [7,1] kg/m2). A los 6 y 12 meses de la CB se produjo una reducción significativa del peso corporal, una mejora en los parámetros metabólicos, inflamatorios y protrombóticos, así como en los factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a la obesidad (hipertensión arterial [HTA], diabetes mellitus tipo 2 [DM2], dislipemia [DLP] y síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño [SAHOS]).Antes de la intervención, el 62,7% de los pacientes presentaba alteración en la geometría del ventrículo izquierdo, siendo el remodelado concéntrico la más frecuente (38,7%). Además, el 50,7% presentaba disfunción diastólica. Al año de la CB, el patrón ventricular fue normal en el 92% de los casos y la función diastólica mejoró significativamente.ConclusionesNuestros resultados corroboran el efecto negativo de la obesidad sobre el miocardio, así como la potencial reversibilidad de estas alteraciones tras una pérdida significativa de peso después de una CB. (AU)

Introduction and objectiveExcess weight can cause structural and functional cardiac disorders. The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in the obese patient is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.The major aim of the present study is to know the prevalence of cardiac morphofunctional disorders in obese patients, before and after weight loss due to bariatric surgery (BS).Patients and methodsProspective cohort study of 75 patients with obesity without known heart disease referred to gastric bypass. Anthropometric, analytical and echocardiographic parameters were measured before and after 6 and 12 months after BS.ResultsThe study included 75 patients (66.6% women, mean age 39.3 [9.7] years and BMI 47.8 [7.1] kg/m2). At 6 and 12 months after BS there was a significant reduction in body weight and an improvement in metabolic, inflammatory and prothrombotic parameters and in cardiovascular risk factors associated with obesity (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and obstructive sleep apnea−hypopnea syndrome).Before surgery, cardiac remodeling was present in 62.7%, most frequently in the form of concentric remodeling (38.7%). Diastolic dysfunction occurred in 50.7% of the patients.One year after surgery, the ventricular pattern was normal in 92% of cases and the diastolic function improved significantly.ConclusionsOur results support the negative effect of obesity on cardiac geometry and function and the potential reversibility of these cardiac alterations after marked weight loss due to BS. (AU)

Efecto selectivo de bypass gástrico laparoscópico en Y de Roux sobre el metabolismo lipídico / Selective effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on lipid metabolism

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cirugía bariátrica (CB) ha mostrado reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular en obesidad mórbida. La CB ha mejorado la dislipemia del paciente insulinorresistente (IR). El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue evaluar si existe diferencia en el perfil lipídico entre la técnica de bypass gástrico laparoscópico en Y de Roux (BGYRL) vs. la técnica de la gastrectomía tubular laparoscópica (GTL) a 18 meses de seguimiento. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, abierto, prospectivo, de pacientes con obesidad mórbida sometidos que realizaron a cirugía bariátrica a 18 meses seguimiento. Se realizaron análisis antropométricos, composición corporal, gasto energético de reposo, de glucosa, insulina, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c), lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL), triglicéridos (TG) y colesterol total (CT). RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias basales de la proporción de pacientes con hipertensión arterial, diabetes de tipo 2, esteatosis y de sexo entre los grupos de BGYRL (91) vs. GTL (77). Se observo reducción de TG a los seis meses a favor de BGYRL vs. GTL: 108,60± 34,86 vs. 124,59±44,58; p = 0,044), en cambio se encontró disminución tanto de niveles de LDL a los 12 y 18 meses a favor del grupo BGYRL vs. GTL: 96,23±24,33 vs. 107,83±28,88, p = 0,025; 90,98±20,62 vs. 106,22±31,48, p = 0,003; la disminución de CT se observó solo a los 18 meses a favor del grupo BGYRL vs. GTL: 171,39±25,058 vs. 186,89±31,81, p = 0,005.ConclusiónEl BGYRL ha mostrado ser más eficaz para reducir LDL y CT en comparación con GTL, lo cual otorga un beneficio adicional del BGYRL en relación al perfil lipídico del paciente.

INTRODUCTION: Bariatric surgery (BS) has shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in obesity. The BS has improved the dyslipidemia of the insulin resistant patient, our objective was to evaluate if there was a difference in the lipid profile between the laparoscopic roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) technique vs. the sleeve gastrectomy (SG) technique at 18 months of follow-up. METHODS: An observational, open, prospective study of morbidly obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery at 18-month follow-up. Anthropometric analysis, body composition, energy expenditure at rest, glucose, insulin, HbA1c, LDL, HDL, TG and CT were performed. RESULTS: Absence baseline differences were found in the proportion of patients with hypertension, diabetes, steatosis, and sex between the RYGB vs SG groups. A reduction of TG was observed at 6 months in favor of RYGB vs SG: 108.60±34.86 vs. 124.59±44.58, P = 0.044), however, a decrease in both LDL levels was found at 12 and 18 months in favor of the RYGB vs. SG group: 96.23±24.33 vs. 107.83±28.88, P = 0.025; 90.98±20.62 vs 106.22±31.48, P = 0.003; the decrease in CT was observed only at 18 months in favor of the RYGB vs. SG group: 171.39±25.058 vs. 186.89±31.81, P = 0.005. CONCLUSIONS: RYBG has shown to be more effective in reducing LDL and CT levels compared to SG, which provides an additional benefit of RYGB in relation to the lipid profile of the patient.

Impact of ponderal loss after bariatric surgery on the cardiac structure and function. / Repercusión de la pérdida ponderal tras cirugía bariátrica en la estructura y función cardiaca.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Excess weight can cause structural and functional cardiac disorders. The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in the obese patient is an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The major aim of the present study is to know the prevalence of cardiac morphofunctional disorders in obese patients, before and after weight loss due to bariatric surgery (BS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 75 patients with obesity without known heart disease referred to gastric bypass. Anthropometric, analytical and echocardiographic parameters were measured before and after 6 and 12 months after BS. RESULTS: The study included 75 patients (66.6% women, mean age 39.3 [9.7] years and BMI 47.8 [7.1] kg/m2). At 6 and 12 months after BS there was a significant reduction in body weight and an improvement in metabolic, inflammatory and prothrombotic parameters and in cardiovascular risk factors associated with obesity (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome). Before surgery, cardiac remodeling was present in 62.7%, most frequently in the form of concentric remodeling (38.7%). Diastolic dysfunction occurred in 50.7% of the patients. One year after surgery, the ventricular pattern was normal in 92% of cases and the diastolic function improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the negative effect of obesity on cardiac geometry and function and the potential reversibility of these cardiac alterations after marked weight loss due to BS.

Selective effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on lipid metabolism. / Efecto selectivo de bypass gástrico laparoscópico en Y de Roux sobre el metabolismo lipídico.

INTRODUCTION: Bariatric surgery (BS) has shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in obesity. The BS has improved the dyslipidemia of the insulin resistant patient, our objective was to evaluate if there was a difference in the lipid profile between the laparoscopic roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) technique vs. the sleeve gastrectomy (SG) technique at 18 months of follow-up. METHODS: An observational, open, prospective study of morbidly obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery at 18-month follow-up. Anthropometric analysis, body composition, energy expenditure at rest, glucose, insulin, HbA1c, LDL, HDL, TG and CT were performed. RESULTS: Absence baseline differences were found in the proportion of patients with hypertension, diabetes, steatosis, and sex between the RYGB vs SG groups. A reduction of TG was observed at 6 months in favor of RYGB vs SG: 108.60±34.86 vs. 124.59±44.58, P = 0.044), however, a decrease in both LDL levels was found at 12 and 18 months in favor of the RYGB vs. SG group: 96.23±24.33 vs. 107.83±28.88, P = 0.025; 90.98±20.62 vs 106.22±31.48, P = 0.003; the decrease in CT was observed only at 18 months in favor of the RYGB vs. SG group: 171.39±25.058 vs. 186.89±31.81, P = 0.005. CONCLUSIóN: RYBG has shown to be more effective in reducing LDL and CT levels compared to SG, which provides an additional benefit of RYGB in relation to the lipid profile of the patient.

Comparación de los índices triglicéridosglucosa y McAuley en el síndrome metabólico en personas con riesgo para diabetes tipo 2 / Comparison of the triglyceride-glucose and McAuley indices in metabolic syndrome in people at risk for type 2 diabetes

Resumen La prevalencia de la glucosa elevada en ayunas y la diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) está aumentando en la Argentina. Interesa encontrar índices de insulinorresistencia accesibles al laboratorio clínico con bajo costo. En 74 varones y 142 mujeres con riesgo para DT2 se analizaron los índices de McAuley y triglicéridos-glucosa (T-G) para: a) determinar los valores del índice de McAuley y su correlación con el índice T-G; b) comparar ambos índices para la detección del síndrome metabólico (SM) y su concordancia; c) determinar la asociación con los componentes de SM. Para McAuley la mediana fue 6,68 y el rango intercuartílico (5,47-8,25) y para T-G fue 8,71 (8,35-9,05) respectivamente. La correlación entre ambos fue r=-0,802, p<0,001. Respecto del SM, las áreas bajo la curva ROC fueron: índice T-G=0,816±0,029 (IC95% 0,758-0,873), p<0,001 y para el 1/índice de McAuley=0,816±0,030 (IC95% 0,758-0,874) p<0,001. La concordancia Kappa entre ambos fue 0,630, p<0,001, Chi cuadrado 85,74 (p<0,001). Para T-G y McAuley la sensibilidad fue 80,7% y 80,7%, la especificidad 70,7% y 69,4%, PP+ 62,5% y 62%, PP- 83,9 y 85,3%, la razón de probabilidad positiva (RP+) fue 2,65 y 2,64 y la negativa (RP-) fue 0,30 y 0,27 respectivamente. Ambos se asociaron con triglicéridos ≥150 mg/dL y glucosa ≥100 mg/dL y ninguno con C-HDL bajo y presión arterial ≥130/85 mmHg o en tratamiento. McAuley mostró asociación con cintura ≥102/88 cm (p>0,001). Se concluye que T-G mostró una aceptable concordancia con McAuley y ambos una similar asociación con SM. T-G podría ser útil para estudios en poblaciones pero para su aplicación en la clínica se necesitan más estudios.

Abstract The prevalence of high fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in our country. It is interesting to find insulin resistance indices accessible to the clinical laboratory at low cost. In 74 men and 142 women at risk for T2D, the McAuley and triglyceride-glucose (T-G) indices were analised to: a) determine the McAuley index values and they correlation with the T-G index; b) compare both indices for the detection of metabolic syndrome (MS) and their concordance; c) determine the association with MS components. For McAuley the median was 6.68 and the interquartile range (5.47-8.25) and for T-G it was 8.71 (8.35-9.05) respectively. The correlation between both was r=-0.802, p<0.001. Regarding MS, the areas under the ROC curve were: TG index=0.816±0.029 (95%CI 0.758-0.873), p<0.001 and for the 1/McAuley index=0.816±0.030 (95%CI 0.758-0.874) p<0.001. The Kappa agreement between the two indices was 0.630, p<0.001, Chi square 85.74 (p<0.001). For TG and McAuley the sensitivities were 80.7% and 80.7%, the specificities 70.7% and 69.4%, PP+ 62.5% and 62%, PP- 83.9 and 85.3%, the ratios of positive probability (PR+) were 2.65 and 2.64 and negative probability (PR-) were 0.30 and 0.27 respectively. Both were associated with triglycerides≥150 mg/dL and glucose≥100 mg/dL and neither with low HDL-C and blood pressure≥130/85 mmHg or treated. McAuley showed an association with waist≥102/88 cm (p>0.001). It is concluded that T-G showed acceptable agreement with McAuley and both similar association with SM. T-G could be useful for population studies but further studies are needed for its clinical application.

Resumo A prevalência de glicose elevada em jejum e a diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) está aumentando na Argentina. Interessanos achar índices de resistência à insulina acessíveis ao laboratório clínico a baixo custo. Em 74 homens e 142 mulheres em risco de DT2, os índices de McAuley e triglicerídeos-glicose (T-G) foram analisados para: a) determinar os valores do índice de McAuley e sua correlação com o índice T-G; b) comparar os dois índices para detecção da síndrome metabólica (SM) e sua concordância; c) determinar a associação com componentes SM. Para McAuley a mediana foi de 6,68 e o intervalo interquartil (5,47-8,25) e para T-G foi de 8,71 (8,35-9,05), respectivamente. A correlação entre os dois foi r=-0,802, p<0,001. Em relação à SM, as áreas sob a curva ROC foram: índice T-G=0,816±0,029 (IC95% 0,758-0,873), p<0,001 e para o 1/índice de McAuley=0,816±0,030 (IC95% 0,758-0,874) p<0,001. A concordância Kappa entre os dois foi de 0,630, p<0,001, Qui quadrado 85,74 (p<0,001). Para T-G e McAuley a sensibilidade foi 80,7% e 80,7%, especificidade 70,7% e 69,4%, PP+ 62,5% e 62%, PP- 83,9 e 85,3%, a razão de probabilidade positiva (RP+) foi 2,65 e 2,64 e negativa (RP-) foi de 0,30 e 0,27, respectivamente. Os dois foram associados com triglicerídeos≥150 mg/dL e glicose≥100 mg/dL e nenhum com C-HDL baixo e pressão arterial≥130/85 mmHg ou tratamento. McAuley mostrou associação com cintura≥102/88 cm (p>0,001). Conclui-se que T-G apresentou concordância aceitável com McAuley e ambos os dois associação semelhante a SM. T-G poderia ser útil para estudos populacionais, mas mais estudos são necessários para sua aplicação clínica.

The triglyceride/glucose index as an insulin resistance marker in the pediatric population and its relation to eating habits and physical activity.

INTRODUCTION: To examine the triglyceride/glucose index (TyG) as an insulin resistance marker in obese children and adolescents and its relation to clinical and biochemical parameters, body composition and lifestyle. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Sixty patients aged 7-16 years of age were enrolled. Anthropometric variables were recorded, together with pubertal stage, blood pressure and body composition assessed by bioimpedance. The TyG index was calculated as ln (fasting glucose (mg/dL) × triglycerides (mg/dL))/2 and the HOMA (homeostatic model assessment) index as fasting insulin (µU/mL) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5. Feeding habits were documented by adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern questionnaire, while physical activity was assessed using the International Sedentary Assessment Tool (ISAT), as well as accelerometry (Actigraph wGT3X+). RESULTS: The mean TyG index was 4.45 ±â€¯0.18, and proved higher in the pubertal group. We found a positive correlation with the HOMA index (r = 0.39; P = 0.03) and TG/HDL-c index (r = 0.53; P < 0.001). The best cut-off point of the TyG index for predicting insulin resistance was 4.21 in prepubertal children (sensitivity 84%, specificity 100%; AUC: 0.84) and 4.33 in pubertal children (sensitivity 89%, specificity 69%; AUC: 0.61). A positive correlation was found with screen time (r = 0.39; P = 0.01), as well as a negative correlation with caloric expenditure (Kcal/day) in the prepubertal group (r = -0.81; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The TyG index could be a useful insulin resistance marker in the pediatric population. Moderate to vigorous physical activity should be encouraged, as well as restricting screen time for leisure purposes, mainly in the prepubertal group.

The triglyceride / glucose index as an insulin resistance marker in the pediatric population and its relation to eating habits and physical activity. / El índice triglicéridos-glucosa como marcador de insulinorresistencia en población pediátrica y su relación con hábitos de alimentación y actividad física.

INTRODUCTION: To examine the triglyceride/glucose index (TyG) as an insulin resistance marker in obese children and adolescents and its relation to clinical and biochemical parameters, body composition and lifestyle. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Sixty patients aged 7-16 years of age were enrolled. Anthropometric variables were recorded, together with pubertal stage, blood pressure and body composition assessed by bioimpedance. The TyG index was calculated as ln (fasting glucose (mg/dL)×triglycerides (mg/dL))/2 and the HOMA (homeostatic model assessment) index as fasting insulin (µU/mL)×fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5. Feeding habits were documented by adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern questionnaire, while physical activity was assessed using the International Sedentary Assessment Tool (ISAT), as well as accelerometry (Actigraph wGT3X+). RESULTS: The mean TyG index was 4.45±0.18, and proved higher in the pubertal group. We found a positive correlation with the HOMA index (r=0.39; P=.03) and TG/HDL-c index (r=0.53; P<.001). The best cut-off point of the TyG index for predicting insulin resistance was 4.21 in prepubertal children (sensitivity 84%, specificity 100%; AUC: 0.84) and 4.33 in pubertal children (sensitivity 89%, specificity 69%; AUC: 0.61). A positive correlation was found with screen time (r=0.39; P=.01), as well as a negative correlation with caloric expenditure (Kcal/day) in the prepubertal group (r=-0.81; P=.005). CONCLUSIONS: The TyG index could be a useful insulin resistance marker in the pediatric population. Moderate to vigorous physical activity should be encouraged, as well as restricting screen time for leisure purposes, mainly in the prepubertal group.

Cardiometabolic evaluation of small for gestational age children: protective effect of breast milk.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: human growth is the result of an interaction between genetic, hormonal, nutritional, and environmental factors. It is not yet fully understood what is predominant and decisive in determining an individual's weight and height. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiometabolic profile of exclusively breastfed children born small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: this is a prospective cohort study of children born at term who were classified as SGA, and as appropiate for gestational age (AGA), who were followed up to pre-school age. Anthropometric measures and body composition parameters were obtained. Breastfeeding duration was calculated in days, and achievement of catch up of weight was considered an increase in Z-score ≥ 0.67. The cardiometabolic profile was evaluated in the first month of life and repeated at pre-school age. At pre-school age, fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and blood pressure were measured. Results: twenty SGA and 12 AGA children were studied. The mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 180 days in both groups. Of SGA children, 85 % had recovery anthropometric parameters for age within the first six months, with a speed of weight gain significantly higher than the that of AGAs (p < 0.001). SGAs continued to be thinner and smaller than AGAs at pre-school age. There was no diagnosis of overweight or obesity in the studied sample, and no differences were foun between groups in laboratory tests. Conclusion: these findings suggest that EBF may confer protection until pre-school age in children born SGA, who are considered at higher risk for chronic non-communicable diseases.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el crecimiento humano es el resultado de la interacción de factores genéticos, hormonales, nutricionales y ambientales. Todavía no se comprende completamente lo que es predominante y decisivo para determinar el peso y la altura del individuo. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el perfil cardiometabólico de niños alimentados con lactancia materna exclusivamente y que nacieron pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG). Métodos: este es un estudio de cohortes prospectivo con niños nacidos a término, unos clasificados como PEG y otros como apropiados para la edad gestacional (AEG). Se hizo un seguimiento de estos niños hasta la edad preescolar. Se realizaron medidas antropométricas y de la composición corporal. La duración de la lactancia materna se calculó en días y el éxito en la recuperación del peso se consideró como un aumento de la puntuación Z ≥ 0,67. El perfil cardiometabólico se evaluó en el primer mes de vida y se repitió en la edad preescolar. En la edad preescolar se midieron la glucosa en sangre en ayunas, la insulina, el HOMA-IR y la presión arterial. Resultados: el grupo del estudio estaba formado por veinte niños PEG y doce niños AEG. La duración media de la lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) fue de 180 días en ambos grupos. De los niños PEG, el 85 % tenían parámetros antropométricos de recuperación para la edad en los primeros seis meses, siendo la velocidad del aumento de peso significativamente mayor que en los AEG (p < 0,001). Aun así, los niños PEG continuaron siendo más delgados y pequeños que los AEG en la edad preescolar. No hubo diagnóstico de sobrepeso u obesidad en la muestra estudiada, y no hay diferencia entre los grupos relativos a las pruebas de laboratorio. Conclusión: estos hallazgos sugieren que la LME puede conferir protección hasta la edad preescolar en los niños nacidos PEG, que se consideran en mayor riesgo de contraer enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.

Síndrome Metabólico en tres casas de abuelos del Municipio Boyeros. La Habana. 2016-2017 / Metabolic Syndrome in three elderly homes in Boyeros Municipality. Havana. 2016-2017

RESUMEN Introducción: El Síndrome Metabólico triplica el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad cardiovascular. Se asocia a la obesidad y a estilos de vida poco saludables. Constituye uno de los principales factores de riesgo aterogénico por lo que es imprescindible su diagnóstico precoz a nivel de la atención primaria de salud. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento del Síndrome Metabólico en personas mayores de 60 años de las tres casas de abuelos del municipio Boyeros. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. El universo de estudio lo constituyeron 130 personas, de ellas se entrevistaron a 103 de las personas en el período de enero de 2016 a febrero de 2017. Se siguieron los criterios del Adult Treatment Panel III para el diagnóstico de Síndrome Metabólico. Las variables descriptivas se expresaron en por cientos y para la comparación de variables en estudio se utilizó el método estadístico de chi cuadrado. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos mostraron 33,01 por ciento de pacientes con Síndrome Metabólico, predominó el grupo de edad de 60 a 64 años con 44,12 por ciento y el sexo femenino con 64,71 por ciento. El 97,06 por ciento tienen cifras de presión arterial ≥ 130/85 mmHg. El 100 por ciento de los pacientes desconocían su enfermedad. Conclusiones: Se encontró predominio en los pacientes con Síndrome Metabólico del sexo femenino y del grupo de edad de 60 a 64 años. El diagnóstico a nivel de la Atención Primaria de Salud es deficiente. Se asocia a la obesidad abdominal y al riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular(A)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome triples the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It is associated with obesity and unhealthy lifestyles. This syndrome is one of the main atherogenic risk factors; consequently, its early diagnosis at the primary health care level is essential. Objective: To deterine the manifestations of the Metabolic Syndrome in people over 60 years of age in three elderly homes in Boyeros Municipality. Material and Methods: A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was carried out. The study universe consisted of 130 people, 103 of whom were interviewed during the period between January 2016 and February 2017.The criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III were followed for the diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome. Descriptive variables were expressed in percentages and the chi-square statistic was used to compare the study variables. Results: The results obtained showed that 33.01 percent of patients were suffering from Metabolic Syndrome, predominating the people aged 60 to 64 years (44.12 percent) and the female sex (64.71 percent). Furthermore, 97.06 percent presented blood pressures ≥130/85 mmHg and 100 percent of patients had no knowledge of their disease. Conclusions: Metabolic Syndrome predominated in female patients and in those aged 60 to 64 years. The early diagnosis at the primary health care level is poor. This syndrome is associated with abdominal obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease(AU)

Obesidade na infância e adolescência / Obesity in childhood and adolescence

A obesidade é uma doença crônica e multifatorial com sérias repercussões na saúde. O excesso de peso na infância aumenta o risco de obesidade na adolescência e na vida adulta. A obesidade é uma das principais causas de hipertensão arterial em crianças e adolescentes. No sexo feminino, os problemas ginecológicos relacionados com a obesidade incluem as desordens menstruais e a diminuição da fertilidade na adolescência e na vida adulta. O controle dessa patologia evita a sua evolução para formas crônicas e graves, que acarretaria novos transtornos e consequências para essas jovens. A mudança de hábitos alimentares e a realização de atividade física são a principal linha de tratamento. O tratamento medicamentoso é reservado para portadoras de obesidade grave que apresentam comorbidades associadas e que não respondem às mudanças do estilo de vida. (AU)

Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease with serious repercussions on health. Overweight in childhood increases the risk of obesity in adolescence and adulthood. Obesity is one of the main causes of high blood pressure in children and adolescents, among others. In women, gynecological problems related to obesity include menstrual disorders and decreased fertility in adolescence and adulthood. The control of this pathology prevents its evolution to chronic and severe forms that would cause new disorders and consequences for these young women. The main line of treatment is to change eating habits and encourage physical activity. Drug treatment is reserved for patients with severe obesity, who have associated comorbidities and who do not respond to changes in lifestyle.(AU)

Índices triglicéridos-glucosa como estimadores de insulinorresistencia en personas con riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 / Triglyceride-glucose indices as estimators of insulin resistance in people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes

EL HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin-resistance) es un estimador de insulinorresistencia (IR) pero depende de la determinación de insulina. Los índices triglicéridos-glucosa (T-G)-circunferencia de la cintura (CC) (T-G-CC) o triglicéridos-glucosa-índice de masa corporal (TG- IMC) podrían ser sustitutos. Los objetivos de este trabajo consistieron en investigar en personas con riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 (DT2): a) los índices T-G, T-G-CC y T-G-IMC como estimadores de HOMA-IR>2,1; b) determinar su poder discriminante. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en el que se estudiaron 223 individuos ≥45 años con riesgo de desarrollar diabetes tipo 2 (DT2). La relación T-G se calculó como ln [triglicéridos (mg/dL) x glucemia (mg/dL)/2]. La relación T-G-CC y T-G-IMC fue el producto de T-G por CC o IMC. Se utilizó análisis de regresión logística y se calcularon las áreas bajo las curvas ROC (receiver operating characteristic curves) (ABC) para comparar las asociaciones de T-G, T-G-CC y T-G-IMC con HOMA-IR>2,1. Mediante análisis discriminante se evaluó la clasificación de los sujetos entre HOMA-IR>2,1 y HOMA-IR≤2,1. ABC, sensibilidad, especificidad, poder predictivo positivo y negativo para T-G-CC y T-G-IMC fueron mayores que para T-G, con los siguientes valores de corte: T-G=8,75, T-G-CC=821 y T-G-IMC=255. Los odds ratios (OR) para HOMA-IR>2,1, ajustados para confusores, fueron: T-G>8,75, OR: 4,85 (IC 95% 2,73-8,62); T-G-CC>821, OR: 10,41 (IC 95% 5,55-19,53); T-GIMC> 255, OR: 10,41 (IC 95% 5,55-19,53). Con el análisis discriminante T-G>8,75 clasificó correctamente 69,2% individuos con HOMA-IR≤2,1 y 68,3% con HOMA-IR>2,1; T-G-CC y T-G-IMC clasificaron 74,4% y 78,2% respectivamente (p<0,001 en todos los casos). Se concluyó que T-GCC> 821 y T-G-IMC>255 fueron mejores estimadores de HOMA-IR>2,1 que T-G>8,75. Estas son determinaciones simples y accesibles y podrían ser útiles en la práctica clínica y en estudios epidemiológicos.

HOMA-IR ((homeostasis model assessment-insulin-resistance) is a surrogate estimator of insulin resistance (IR) but it depends on insulin determination. Triglyceride-glucose-waist circumference (T-G-WC) or triglyceride-glucose-body mass index (BMI) (T-G-BMI) could be substitutes. The objectives of this work were: to investigate in people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D): a) T-G, T-G-CC and T-G-BMI as estimators of HOMA-IR>2.1 and b) to determine their discriminating power. A prospective study was conducted studying 223 individuals ≥45 years of age at risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). The T-G ratio was calculated as ln [triglycerides (mg/dL) x glycemia (mg/dL)/2]. The T-G-CC and T-G-BMI ratio was the product of T-G by CC or BMI. Logistic regression analysis was used and the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) curves were calculated to compare the associations of T-G, T-G-CC and T-G-BMI with HOMA-IR>2.1. Using a discriminant analysis, the classification of the subjects between HOMA-IR>2.1 or HOMA-IR≤2.1 was evaluated. AUC, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive powers for T-G-CC and T-G-BMI were higher than for T-G, with the following cut-off values: TG=8.75, T-G-CC=821 and T-G-BMI=255. Odds ratios (OR) for HOMA-IR>2.1, adjusted for confounders, were: T-G>8.75, OR 4.85 (95% CI 2.73-8.62); T-G-CC>821, OR 10.41 (95% CI 5.55-19.53); T-G-BMI>255, OR 10.41 (95% CI 5.55-19.53). With the discriminant analysis T-G>8.75, 69.2% correctly classified with HOMA-IR≤2.1 and 68.3% with HOMA-IR>2.1; T-G-CC and T-G-BMI correctly classified 74.4% and 78.2% respectively (p <0.001 in all cases). It is concluded that T-G-CC>821 and T-G-BMI>255 were better estimators of HOMA-IR>2.1 than T-G>8.75. T-G-WC and T-G-BMI are simple and reliable determinations and could be useful in clinical practice and epidemiological studies.

O HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment-insulin-resistance) e um estimador de resistencia a insulina (RI), mas depende da determinacao da insulina. Triglicerideos-glicose (T-G), circunferencia da cintura (CC) (T-G-CC) ou triglicerideos-glicose-indice de massa corporal (T-G-IMC) poderiam ser substitutos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram investigar em pessoas com risco de desenvolver diabetes tipo 2 (DT2): a) os indices T-G, T-G-CC e T-G-IMC como estimadores de HOMA-IR> 2,1; b) determinar seu poder discriminante. Um estudo prospectivo foi realizado em 223 pessoas ≥45 anos com risco de desenvolver diabetes tipo 2 (DT2). A razao T-G foi calculada como ln [triglicerideos (mg/dL) x glicemia (mg/dL)/2]. A razao T-G-CC e T-G-IMC foi o produto de T-G por CC ou IMC. A analise de regressao logistica foi utilizada e as areas sob as curvas ROC (receiver operating features) ABC foram calculadas para comparar as associacoes de T-G, T-G-CC e T-G-IMC com HOMA-IR>2.1. Por meio de analise discriminante, avaliou-se a classificacao dos sujeitos entre HOMA-IR>2,1 e HOMA-IR≤2,1. ABC, sensibilidade, especificidade, poder preditivo positivo e negativo para TG-CC e TG-IMC foram maiores que para TG, com os seguintes valores de corte: TG=8,75, TG-CC=821 e TG-IMC=255. Odds Ratios (OR) para HOMA-IR>2,1, ajustados para fatores de confusao, foram: TG>8,75, OR 4,85 (IC95% 2,73-8,62); T-G-CC>821, OR 10,41 (IC 95% 5,55-19,53); T-G-IMC>255, OR 10,41 (IC 95% 5,55-19,53). Com a analise discriminante T-G>8,75, 69,2% foram classificados corretamente com HOMA-IR≤2,1 e 68,3% com HOMA-IR>2,1; T-G-CC e T-G-IMC classificaram 74,4% e 78,2%, respectivamente (p<0,001 em todos os casos). Conclui-se que T-G-CC>821 e TG- IMC>255 foram melhores estimadores de HOMA-IR>2,1 que T-G>8,75. Elas sao determinacoes simples e acessiveis e poderiam ser uteis na pratica clinica e em estudos epidemiologicos.

Higher HOMA-IR index is associated with increased excess weight loss in patients with BMI≥35kg/m2 after vertical gastrectomy. / Índice HOMA-IR como predictor de reducción de exceso de peso en pacientes con índice de masa corporal (IMC)≥35kg/m2 sometidos a gastrectomía vertical.

INTRODUCTION: Bariatric surgery is considered the most effective treatment for severe obesity. However, it is not clear if patients with diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance have the same response than patients without those conditions. Our objective was to evaluate association between pre-surgical HOMA-IR index and percentage of excess weight loss (EWL%) one year after bariatric surgery using sleeve gastrectomy. METHODS: Retrospective cohort including patients ≥18 years old with BMI≥35kg/m2, who underwent primary sleeve gastrectomy between 2014-2017 at the Avendaño Medical Center, Peru. Only patients with Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, or Dyslipidemia were included. EWL% ≥60% one year after surgery was considered satisfactory. Crude and adjusted Lineal and Poisson regression with robustness was used to assess statistical associations with EWL%. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients were included with a median of 34 years, and 57.1% were women. 85.7% had insulin resistance as per HOMA-IR. One year after surgery, 76.9% had a satisfactory EWL%. The lineal model showed .29% less EWL% per each extra year of life (P=.019), and .93% more EWL% per each extra HOMA-IR point (P=.004). The adjusted Poisson model showed 2% lower risk of having a satisfactory EWL% per each additional year of life (P=.050), and 2% more chance of success per each additional HOMA-IR point (P=.038). CONCLUSIONS: There was association between a higher pre-surgical HOMA-IR index and increased EWL% one year after surgery. It is possible that insulin resistance does not affect negatively sleeve gastrectomy outcomes.

Hipotiroidismo primario, insulinorresistencia y la aterosclerosis carotídea subclínica / Primary hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis

Introducción: El hipotiroidismo es considerado un factor de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular por su relación con la dislipidemia, la hipertensión arterial y la cardiopatía isquémica. En Cuba, después de la diabetes, ocupa el segundo lugar en la prevalencia de las enfermedades endocrinas. Objetivo: Identificar si existe relación entre la presencia de hipotiroidismo primario e insulinorresistencia y la aterosclerosis carotídea subclínica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico, multicéntrico, de corte transversal, en 150 pacientes divididos en dos grupos de comparación: 1) hipotiroidismo primario (n=75) y 2) insulinorresistencia sin hipotiroidismo (n=75) a los cuales se les realizaron procederes de laboratorio y ecográficos. Los pacientes fueron atendidos en las consultas de endocrinología de Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico 10 de Octubre, Hospital Miguel Enríquez y del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología. Resultados: En el grupo con hipotiroidismo, los valores medios de índice de masa corporal, colesterol total, hormona estimulante de la tiroides y grosor íntima-media carotideo fueron significativamente mayores respecto a los insulinorresistentes. El HOMA-IR fue significativamente mayor en el grupo con insulinorresistencia. El valor de TSH 8805; 4,20 µmol/L mostró sensibilidad de 95,5 por ciento y especificidad de 73,3 por ciento en la predicción de aumento del GIMC. El HOMA-IR 8805;3,10 tuvo sensibilidad de 95,5 por ciento y especificidad de 73,1 por ciento. Conclusiones: El hipotiroidismo y la insulinorresistencia son predictores independientes de aterosclerosis carotídea subclínica(AU)

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease due to its relationship with dyslipidemia, high blood pressure and ischemic heart disease. In Cuba, after diabetes, it ranks second in the prevalence of endocrine diseases. Objective: To identify if there is a relationship between the presence of primary hypothyroidism and insulin resistance and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Methods: An analytical, multicenter, cross-sectional study was carried out in 150 patients separated into two comparison groups: 1) primary hypothyroidism (n = 75) and 2) insulin resistance with no hypothyroidism (n = 75). They underwent laboratory and ultrasound procedures. The patients were treated at the endocrinology consultations from 10 de Octubre Clinical Surgical Hospital, Miguel Enríquez Hospital and the National Institute of Endocrinology. Results: The hypothyroidism group showed mean values of body mass index, total cholesterol, thyroid-stimulating hormone and carotid intima-media thickness significantly higher compared to insulin-resistant drugs. HOMA-IR was significantly higher in the insulin resistance group. TSH value #8805; 4.20 µmol / L showed 95.5 and 73.3 percent specificity in predicting GIMC increase. HOMA-IR #8805; 3.10 had 95.5 percent sensitivity and 73.1 percent specificity. Conclusions: Hypothyroidism and insulin resistance are independent predictors of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis(AU)

[Effects of interval exercise in the improvement of glycemic control of obese adults with insulin resistance]. / Efectos del ejercicio físico intervalado en la mejora del control glicémico de adultos obesos con insulinorresistencia.

INTRODUCTION: Background: physical exercise presents evidence for the treatment of insulin resistance. However, it is necessary to deepen this knowledge. Objective: to compare the effectiveness of a high intensity interval training program (HIIT) with one of resistance training (RT) to improve biochemical parameters of insulin/basal glycemia and post-load. Material and methods: twenty-eight (36 ± 13 years old) non-medicated insulin-resistant individuals (age 36 ± 13 years) were studied. Two groups were randomly formed: RT group (n = 14) and HIIT group (n = 14). Each group participated in 12 weeks of intervention (three sessions/week). Both groups were homogeneous (p > 0.05) in terms of age, weight, height and BMI. Basal glycemia/insulinemia and post-load were evaluated, pre and post intervention. Results: after the intervention there were significant decreases in both groups in: fat (%) HIIT (Pre = 40.20 ± 7.31 vs Post = 36.49 ± 7.28%, p = 0.006), RT (Pre: 39.04 ± 8.52 vs Post: 34.91 ± 8.80%, p = 0.002); fasting insulin, HIIT (Pre: 20.64 ± 9.44 vs. Post: 15.20 ± 6.47uIU/ml, p = 0.0006), RT (Pre: 18.50 ± 8.24, vs Post: 13.59 ± 6.11 uIU/ml, p = 0.015); insulin post load, HIIT (Pre: 127.57 ± 71.73 vs Post: 69.25 ± 39.42 uIU/ml, p < 0.0001), RT (Pre: 125.78 ± 59.85 vs Post: 63.45 ± 36.44uIU/ml, p < 0.0001); and fasting glycemia, HIIT (Pre: 92.86 ± 11.39 vs Post: 87.36 ± 8.00, p = 0.031), RT (Pre: 90.79 ± 11.26 vs Post: 85.26 ± 7.88 mg/dl, p = 0.045). In relation to post-load glycemia only the HIIT group decreased significantly (Pre: 128.57 ± 26.90 vs Post: 103.47 ± 12.70 mg/dl, p < 0.001), reporting differences with the RT group (p < 0.042). Conclusion: both programs showed similar results for the treatment of insulin resistance.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el ejercicio físico presenta evidencia para el tratamiento de la resistencia a la insulina. Sin embargo, es necesario profundizar en base a estos conocimientos. Objetivo: comparar la efectividad de un programa de entrenamiento intervalado de alta intensidad (HIIT) con uno de resistencia muscular (RT) para mejorar parámetros bioquímicos de insulina/glicemia basal y poscarga. Material y métodos: se estudiaron 28 personas (edad 36 ± 13 años) insulinorresistentes no medicadas. Se formaron aleatoriamente dos grupos: grupo RT (n = 14) y grupo HIIT (n = 14). Cada grupo participó de 12 semanas de intervención (tres sesiones/semana). Ambos grupos fueron homogéneos (p > 0,05) en cuanto a edad, peso, talla e índice de masa corporal (IMC). La glicemia/insulinemia basal y poscarga igual fueron evaluadas pre- y posintervención. Resultados: tras la intervención existieron disminuciones significativas en ambos grupos en grasa (%), HIIT (Pre = 40,20 ± 7,31 vs. Post = 36,49 ± 7,28%, p = 0,006), RT (Pre: 39,04 ± 8,52 vs. Post: 34,91 ± 8,80%, p = 0,002); en insulina en ayunas HIIT (Pre: 20,64 ± 9,44 vs. Post: 15,20 ± 6,47 uIU/ml, p = 0,0006), RT (Pre: 18,50 ± 8,24, vs. Post: 13,59 ± 6,11 uIU/ml, p = 0,015); en insulina post carga, HIIT (Pre: 127,57 ± 71,73 vs. Post: 69,25 ± 39,42 uIU/ml, p < 0,0001), RT (Pre: 125,78 ± 59,85 vs. Post: 63,45 ± 36,44 uIU/ml, p < 0,0001); y en glicemia en ayunas, HIIT (Pre: 92,86 ± 11,39 vs. Post: 87,36 ± 8,00 mg/dl, p = 0,031), RT (Pre: 90,79 ± 11,26 vs. Post: 85,26 ± 7,88 mg/dl, p = 0,045). En relación a la glicemia poscarga, solo el grupo HIIT disminuyó significativamente (Pre: 128,57 ± 26,90 vs. Post: 103,47 ± 12,70 mg/dl, p < 0,001), reportando diferencias con el grupo RT (p < 0,042). Conclusión: ambas metodologías de trabajos muestran similares resultados para el tratamiento de la insulinorresistencia.

Determinantes asociados a la retención de peso y alteraciones metabólicas en un año después del parto / determinants associated with weight retention and metabolic changes in a year after delivery

INTRODUCCIÓN La retención y el aumento de peso después del parto se han asociado a una mayor prevalencia de la obesidad en las mujeres en edad fértil. OBJETIVOS Identificar los determinantes asociados con la retención de peso (RPP) durante el primer año posterior al parto y las alteraciones metabólicas en mujeres adultas. MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal. Mediante un abordaje multidimensional, se analizó la asociación entre RPP con las siguientes variables, organizadas en tres dimensiones: distal (estado civil, nivel educacional, ingreso familiar), intermedia (actividad física, horas de sueño nocturno y lactancia materna) y proximal (menarca, paridad, tipo de parto, IMCp, IMC al año del parto). Las variables fueron incorporadas a un modelo de regresión con selección jerárquica. Se analizó la asociación de la RPP con el índice HOMA-IR y niveles de CT, c-LDL, c-HDL y TGL. El análisis se realizó utilizando el paquete estadístico SPSS18.0, con un nivel de significación de α<0,05. Se trabajó con mujeres adultas que asistieron durante 2015 al observatorio de salud de la madre y el niño del Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas, perteneciente al Hospital Sor María Ludovica de la ciudad de La Plata. RESULTADOS El 30% de las mujeres retuvo más de 5 kg, y el 17%, más de 10 kg al año del parto. El 50% de las mujeres inició el embarazo con algún grado de sobrepeso u obesidad. En relación con el modelo epidemiológico planteado, no se hallaron diferencias en cuanto a las variables distales y las relacionadas con el cuidado materno. Con respecto a las variables del bloque proximal, se observó que el aumento en 1 punto del IMC al año del parto aumentaba en 30 g la RPP (coeficiente B 0,03 p=0,05). Las variables metabólicas no se asociaron con la RPP en cambio, el IMC al año del parto sí lo hizo con el HOMA-IR (coeficiente B 1,55 p<0,05). DISCUSIÓN Los kilos ganados o retenidos durante el posparto constituirían un adicional al aumento del porcentaje de la masa corporal en todas las categorías del IMC.

Factores de riesgo nutricionales relacionados al síndrome metabólico en sujetos adultos con litiasis vesicular y/o hígado graso no alcohólico / Nutritional risk factors related to the metabolic syndrome in adult subjects with vesicular lithiasis and / or nonalcoholic fatty liver

INTRODUCCIÓN Una alimentación no saludable, la vida sedentaria y el aumento de las cifras de sobrepeso u obesidad repercuten en la aparición cada vez más frecuente de patologías digestivas, como la litiasis vesicular y el hígado graso no alcohólico, que se asocian al síndrome metabólico. Existe escasa evidencia sobre los factores de riesgo nutricionales vinculados al síndrome metabólico, principalmente el aspecto nutricional. Es necesario sistematizar y profundizar el conocimiento acerca de dichos factores y realizar comparaciones con los estándares de referencia. OBJETIVOS Evaluar la historia alimentaria, la evolución del estado nutricional y la actividad física en sujetos adultos que tienen asociadas estas dos patologías, o alguna de ellas de modo separado, para realizar actividades de prevención. MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, prospectivo y de corte transversal. Fue llevado a cabo por una Licenciada en Nutrición perteneciente al Hospital de Gastroenterología Dr. Carlos Bonorino Udaondo (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires). RESULTADOS Se pusieron en evidencia los malos hábitos alimentarios de los pacientes con litiasis vesicular y/o hígado graso no alcohólico, que reflejan alteraciones en el perfil lipídico, una elevada ingesta calórica (con un alto porcentaje de grasas del valor calórico total), junto a una escasa o nula práctica de actividad física DISCUSIÓN El establecimiento de los factores de riesgo modificables en estas patologías representa un punto de partida para su prevención y adecuado tratamiento nutricional. La coexistencia de estos factores en un mismo individuo aumenta notoriamente el riesgo de morbimortalidad, lo que representa un problema importante para la salud pública.

Síndrome de Ovario Poliquístico (SOP) en la adolescencia / Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) during adolescence

El síndrome de poliquistosis ovárica (SOP) es un cuadro que acompaña a la mujer durante toda su vida y se caracteriza por hiperandrogenismo y anovulación crónica. Se presenta comúnmente en la adolescencia y es eldesorden endócrino más frecuente en mujeres en edad reproductiva en el mundo. A largo plazo se asocia con morbilidad significativa que incluye alteraciones en la salud reproductiva, disfunción psicosocial, síndrome metabólico, enfermedad cardiovascular e incremento en el riesgo de cáncer. Su etiología es desconocida aún, sin embargo, a lo largo de las tres últimas décadas, diferentes grupos de expertos en el mundo han elaborado guías para el diagnóstico y manejo de esta enfermedad. Existen tres grupos diferentes de criterios en el mundo pero están basados principalmente en información y experiencia en el manejo de mujeres adultas. Estos criterios diagnósticos no son completamente trasladables a las adolescentes. El objetivo de este artículo es acercar al pediatra clínico los elementos para alcanzar un entendimiento práctico y simplificar el manejo inicial del diagnóstico del cuadro de SOP en la adolescencia, concientizar acerca de las comorbilidades asociadas y su posibilidad de prevención para evitar riesgos en la vida adulta.

The polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a lifelong disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronicanovulation. It becomes manifest soon after puberty and it is the most frequent endocrine disorder in women at reproductive age in the world. In the long term it is associated with significant morbidity that includes alterations in reproductive health, psychosocial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and increased risk of cancer. Its etiology is still unknown, however, over the last three decades; several guidelines for the diagnosis and management of this disease have been developed. Three different sets of diagnostic criteria have been established to define this disease in adult women, but these diagnostic criteria are not completely transferable to adolescents. The objective of this article is to give pediatricians the elements for a practical understanding to simplify the initial management of the diagnosis of PCOS in adolescence and to raise awareness on the likelihood of associated comorbidities and that appropriate intervention could prevent later complications in adult life